Guide to Sentence Patterns for ESL Learners

Manual for Sentence Patterns for ESL Learners Sentence examples can be comprehended as the manner in which sentences are normally organized. It is imperative to become familiar with the most widely recognized sentence designs in English, as the greater part of the sentences you will hear, compose, and talk will follow these essential examples. Sentence Patterns #1 - Noun/Verb The most fundamental sentence design is a thing followed by an action word. Its imperative to recollect that lone action words that don't require objects are utilized in this sentence design. Individuals work.Frank eats.Things occur. This fundamental sentence example can be altered by including a thing expression, possessive descriptive word, just as different components. This is valid for all the sentence designs that follow. Individuals work. - Our representatives work.Frank eats. - My canine Frank eats.Things occur. - Crazy things occur. Sentence Patterns #2 - Noun/Verb/Noun The following sentence design expands on the main example and is utilized with things that can take objects. John plays softball.The young men are watching TV.She works at a bank. Sentence Patterns #3 - Noun/Verb/Adverb The following sentence design expands on the main example by utilizing a modifier to depict how an activity is finished. Thomas drives quickly.Anna doesnt rest deeply.He does schoolwork cautiously. Sentence Patterns #4 - Noun/Linking Verb/Noun This sentence design utilizes connecting action words to interface one thing to another. Connecting action words are otherwise called likening action words - action words which compare one thing with another, for example, be, become, appear, and so forth. Jack is a student.This seed will turn into an apple.France is a nation. Sentence Patterns #5 - Noun/Linking Verb/Adjective This sentence design is like sentence design #4, yet utilizes connecting action words to interface one thing to its depiction utilizing a descriptor. My PC is slow!Her guardians appear unhappy.English appears to be simple. Sentence Patterns #6 - Noun/Verb/Noun/Noun Sentence design #6 is utilized with action words that take both immediate and roundabout items. I purchased Katherine a gift.Jennifer demonstrated Peter her car.The instructor disclosed the schoolwork to Peter.â Portions of speechâ are the distinctive sort of words. They are assembled to make sentence designs in English. Here are theâ eight grammatical forms. Learning grammatical features make understanding sentences easier.â Nounâ Things will be things, individuals, places, ideas - PC, Tom, table, Portland, Freedom Pronounâ Pronouns supplant things in sentences. There are subject, object, and posessive pronouns - he, I, them, our, its, us Descriptive word Descriptive words depict things, individuals, spots and ideas. Modifiers precede things. - enormous, brilliant, fun, small Verbâ Action words are people main event, the activities they make. Action words are utilized in a wide range of tenses. - play, visit, purchase, cook Verb modifier Verb modifiers depict how, where or when something is finished. They regularly come toward the finish of a sentence. - consistently, gradually, cautiously Combination Conjunctions interface words and sentences. Conjunctions assist us with giving reasons and clarify. - in any case, and, on the grounds that, if Relational word Relational words assist us with indicating the connection between things, individuals and spots. Relational words are regularly only a couple of letters. - in, at, off, about Contribution Contributions are utilized to include accentuation, show comprehension, or shock. Additions are frequently trailed by shout focuses. - Wow!, ah, pow! There are various basic sentence designs used to compose most sentences in English. The fundamental sentence designs introduced in this manual for sentence examples will assist you with understanding the hidden example in even the most unpredictable English sentences. Step through this test to examination your comprehension of sentence examples and parts of speech.â What are the grammatical features of the words inâ italicsâ in each sentence?  My friendâ livesâ in Italy.Sharon has a bicycle.Alice has a bananaâ andâ an apple. He studies French at school.Jason lives in New York.Wow! That sounds difficult.He lives in a big house.Mary drove homeâ quickly.â Which sentence design does each sentence have? Dwindle considers Russian. I am a teacher.I gotten him a gift.Alice is happy.My companions danced. Mark talked gradually. Answers to grammatical features test verbnounconjunctionpronounprepositioninterjectionadjectiveadverb Answers to sentence design test Thing/Verb/NounNoun/Linking Verb/NounNoun/Verb/Noun/NounNoun/Linking Verb/AdjectiveNoun/VerbNoun/Verb/Adverb

Advantage and Disadvantage of Telecommunication Free Essays

Speaking with patients The New Medicine Service (and MURs) gives a proper chance to drug specialists to speak with patients on a coordinated premise about their meds and fundamental clinical condition(s). The NMS allows the mediations to be done either as an up close and personal arrangement or by means of phone. Cautious thought must be offered with regards to which of these specialized strategies is received by the drug store as every technique brings its own favorable circumstances and impediments. We will compose a custom paper test on Preferred position and Disadvantage of Telecommunication or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In spite of the fact that up close and personal correspondence would be the favored strategy for leading an intercession, all things considered, elephone mediations will be utilized by most drug stores at some stage. This short guide will support you and your staff impart all the more adequately when utilizing the phone as a component of the NMS. The words we go through make under 10% of the manner in which we convey in a face-toface circumstance, with the manner in which we state these words (paralinguistics) and non-verbal communication making up the rest of the rate. At the point when you are managing somebody via phone you can't see them, which denies you of the greater part of the data you would ordinarily have about the other individual (non-verbal communication, eye to eye connection and so on). Related article: Disadvantages of Aquatic Plants You can put together your decisions just with respect to the words you can hear and the manner in which they are being stated, which can once in a while present difficulties. Favorable circumstances and weaknesses Some of the focal points and hindrances of phone correspondence are: Telephone correspondence Advantages of imparting by phone: †¢ ofteneasiertoreachsomeonebyphone than by attempting to mastermind to see them face to face; increasingly advantageous for patients †¢ morelikelytosucceedincontacting somebody †particularly if a period/date has been concurred (scarcely any individuals can overlook the phone and leave it ringing) telephoneconversationsare,onaverage, shorter than up close and personal discussions as it’s simpler to control the discussion and step up to the plate. Drawbacks of imparting by phone: †¢ it’smoredifficulttoestablisharapporton the phone, as you don’t have all the visual signs that help you to jump on the â€Å"sam e wavelength† as the other individual †¢ whenphoningsomeoneit’spossibleto meddle at a badly arranged time and not understand it †¢ it’seasytoassumethatyouhavetheother person’s full focus †¢ youaremorelikelytogetdistractedand let your consideration meander itismoredifficulttoavoid mistaken assumptions †you can't utilize visual conduct to get criticism on whether your message has been comprehended or if there are things left inferred †¢ somethingsareimpossibletocheckover the phone, for example, inhaler procedures †¢ youaremorelikelytobelieveyoucando different things simultaneously as utilizing the phone †DON’T! Voice coordinating Thefirstthreesecondsofaphonecall are significant, as this is the point at which the other individual makes a judgment about the guest. When causing an active call to tune in to the pitch, speed, volume and tone of the other erson’svoicewhentheyfirstspeakandtry to â€Å"match† i t. Coordinating is a decent method of building compatibility, which can in any case be difficultoverthetelephone,andmakesthe other individual feel increasingly great. Tips for powerful phone intercessions Opening the discussion NMS mediation Introduce yourself plainly and request to address the patient utilizing their favored title/name. Check it’s still advantageous to address the patient. On the off chance that the patient is worried about revealing delicate individual data via phone and can't besatisfiedthatthecallerisringingfrom he drug store he/she may contact the drug store straightforwardly. Clarify in an unmistakable, straightforward way the motivation behind the call †check the patient comprehends the idea of the NMS and the purposes behind the conversation. Youshouldalsoconfirmconsentatthis stage. Educate the patient you will pose a progression of inquiries about their new meds and that you will cause notes as you to come. Tune in to the patient’s reacti ons as you work however the inquiries †oppose the impulse to interfere. Show you are tuning in by making clamors, for example, â€Å"um†, â€Å"yes†, and â€Å"really†. Utilize self-assured conduct to remain in charge of the call †utilize open/shut inquiries as suitable (open inquiries welcome point by point responds to though shut inquiries welcome single word answers). Non-verbal communication Body language, despite the fact that it can’t be seen, can influence our voice when on the phone. Along these lines, consider your stance while on the telephone. On the off chance that you are agreeable and loosened up your voice is probably going to mirror this. Make sure to grin †despite the fact that it can’t be seen it will be â€Å"heard† and you will sound inviting and confident. In the event that you are standing up while n the phone this can likewise make you sound increasingly decisive, and it is another method of closure a call on the off potential for success that you have up during a discussion. Utilizing a shut inquiry for instance is regularly useful in halting an excited patient diverging from proper lines of add ressing. Try not to race through the call. Talk at the patient’s pace and respite subsequent to giving guidance or offering answers for an issue to permit the patient to air their perspectives about this. At long last concur the time/date for any followup intercession. Make sure to give the call your full focus! The most effective method to refer to Advantage and Disadvantage of Telecommunication, Essay models

Constructivism in Psychology and Psychotherapy

Constructivism in Psychology and Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Print Constructivism in Psychology and Psychotherapy By Jenev Caddell, PsyD facebook twitter linkedin Jenev Caddell, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist, relationship coach, and author. Learn about our editorial policy Jenev Caddell, PsyD Updated on July 30, 2019 Group therapy. Getty Images Credit: Tom Merton More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Constructivism is a theory that posits that humans are meaning makers in their lives and essentially construct their own realities. In various psychotherapeutic approaches that fall under the umbrella of constructivism, the client is viewed as an active participant creating and determining his or her own life path. Constructive thinking differs from other forms of modern theory that views reality as fixed and to be discovered by clients. On the contrary, in constructivism, the reality is something that is created. Constructive Therapies Constructive therapies offer a shifted perspective away from the traditional focus in psychology about  what is wrong with a particular client to paying greater attention to someones strengths. It is more optimistic and attends to a clients resources, goals, hopes, and dreams. There is more of a concern about where someone wishes to go in their lives as opposed to their history or childhood.  The client is seen as a pro-active reality creator. How Does One Make Meaning? In constructivist theory, the meaning is not necessarily created by an individual but socially in relation to another. It posits an evolving set of meanings that emerge unendingly from the interactions between people. These meanings are not skull-bound and may not exist inside what we may think of as individual mind., (Hoffman, 1990). Reality is therefore socially constructed. This theory  is similar to that which is  posited in the cutting-edge field called interpersonal neurobiology, which views human identity as more relational than the individual. In other words, we are who we are as we are in relation to another.   Constructive Therapists The constructive therapists role in psychotherapy is unlike the classic doctor role in which the therapist is supposed to heal or treat a patient. While the therapist has skills and significant expertise at facilitation and guiding sessions, the constructive therapist is not seen as the objective expert. In constructivism, there is a deep awareness of the subjectivity that everyone has, therapists included. Therapist and client are therefore seen as collaborative participants as they make meaning together and assists the client in creating his or her best reality as they move forward together. The constructive therapist subscribes to the belief in a socially constructed reality  and sees his or her work with a client as co-constructing meaning together through conversation. The therapist focuses on a clients strengths, and does not look for illness or deficiencies, but rather emphasizes resources. He or she is focused on the future and is both hopeful and optimistic about the clients ability to make positive changes. Forms of Therapy That Fall Under the Constructivist Umbrella Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a form of brief therapy that has been used with all kinds of people, families, and problems. The emphasis, as with many constructivist therapies, is on the clients strengths and solutions that may already be available to them. The focus  on what is already working, as opposed to a focus on what is wrong, yields more solutions as a result. Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is used primarily with couples to deepen, enrich and save relationships. While EFT falls under the constructive umbrella, it also is an approach that is largely based on attachment theory, which emphasizes the importance of a safe and secure emotional bond with another. Narrative Therapy has been used with children, families, and adults. Narrative Therapy offers clients the opportunity to master their lives through the stories they tell themselves. The Narrative Therapist helps bring forth preferred realities of clients and enables them to essentially re-author their lives. Constructivism in mental health offers a great deal of hope and optimism. With a trusted constructivist therapist who can skillfully facilitate life-changing conversations, new possibilities and opportunities emerge in clients lives.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How to Calculate Density - Worked Example Problem

Density is the measurement of the amount of mass per unit of volume. In order to calculate density, you need to know the mass and volume of the item. The mass is usually the easy part while volume can be tricky. Simple shaped objects are usually given in homework problems such as using a cube, brick or sphere. The formula for density is: density mass/volume This example problem shows the steps needed to calculate the density of an object and a liquid when given the mass and volume. Key Takeaways: How to Calculate Density Density is how much matter is contained within a volume. A dense object weighs more than a less dense object that is the same size. An object less dense than water will float on it; one with greater density will sink.The density equation is density equals mass per unit volume or D M / V.The key to solving for density is to report the proper mass and volume units. If you are asked to give density in different units from the mass and volume, you will need to convert them. Question 1: What is the density of a cube of sugar weighing 11.2 grams measuring 2 cm on a side? Step 1: Find the mass and volume of the sugar cube. Mass 11.2 gramsVolume cube with 2 cm sides. Volume of a cube (length of side)3Volume (2 cm)3Volume 8 cm3 Step 2: Plug your variables into the density formula. density mass/volumedensity 11.2 grams/8 cm3density 1.4 grams/cm3 Answer 1: The sugar cube has a density of 1.4 grams/cm3. Question 2: A solution of water and salt contains 25 grams of salt in 250 mL of water. What is the density of the salt water? (Use density of water 1 g/mL) Step 1:  Find the mass and volume of the salt water. This time, there are two masses. The mass of the salt and the mass of the water are both needed to find the mass of the salt water. The mass of the salt is given, but the only the volume of water is given. Weve also been given the density of water, so we can calculate the mass of the water. densitywater masswater/volumewater solve for masswater, masswater densitywater ·volumewatermasswater 1 g/mL  · 250 mLmasswater 250 grams Now we have enough to find the mass of the salt water. masstotal masssalt masswatermasstotal 25 g 250 gmasstotal 275 g Volume of the salt water is 250 mL. Step 2: Plug your values into the density formula. density mass/volumedensity 275 g/250 mLdensity 1.1 g/mL Answer 2: The salt water has a density of 1.1 grams/mL. Finding Volume by Displacement If youre given a regular solid object, you can measure its dimensions and calculate its volume. Unfortunately, the volume of few objects in the real world can be measured this easily! Sometimes you need to calculate volume by displacement. How do you measure displacement? Say you have a metal toy soldier. You can tell it is heavy enough to sink in water, but you cant use a ruler to measure its dimensions. To measure the toys volume, fill a graduated cylinder about half way with water. Record the volume. Add the toy. Make sure to displace any air bubbles that may stick to it. Record the new volume measurement. The volume of the toy soldier is the final volume minus the initial volume. You can measure the mass of the (dry) toy and then calculate density. Tips for Density Calculations In some cases, the mass will be given to you. If not, youll need to obtain it yourself by weighing the object. When obtaining mass, be aware of how accurate and precise the measurement will be. The same goes for measuring volume. Obviously, youll get a more precise measurement using a graduated cylinder than using a beaker, however, you may not need such a close measurement. The significant figures reported in the density calculation are those of your least precise measurement. So, if your mass is 22 kg, reporting a volume measurement to the nearest microliter is unnecessary. Another important concept to keep in mind is whether your answer makes sense. If an object seems heavy for its size, it should have a high density value. How high? Keep in mind the density of water is about 1  g/cm ³. Objects less dense than this float in water, while those that are more dense sink in water. If an object sinks in water, your density value better be greater than 1! More Homework Help Need more examples of help with related problems? Worked Example Problems: Browse different types of chemistry problems.Density Worked Example Problem: Practice calculating density.Mass of Liquids From Density Example Problem: Use density to solve for mass of a liquid.

Environmental Determinism Definition

Throughout the study of geography, there have been some different approaches to explaining the development of the worlds societies and cultures. One that received much prominence in geographic history but has declined in recent decades of academic study is environmental determinism. Environmental Determinism Environmental determinism is the belief that the environment, most notably its physical factors such as landforms and climate, determines the patterns of human culture and societal development. Environmental determinists believe that ecological, climatic, and geographical factors alone are responsible for human cultures and individual decisions. Also, social conditions have virtually no impact on cultural development. The main argument of environmental determinism states that an areas physical characteristics like climate have a substantial impact on the psychological outlook of its inhabitants. These different outlooks then spread throughout a population and help define the overall behavior and culture of a society. For instance, it was said that areas in the tropics were less developed than higher latitudes because the continuously warm weather there made it easier to survive and thus, people living there did not work as hard to ensure their survival. Another example of environmental determinism would be the theory that island nations have unique cultural traits solely because of their isolation from continental societies. Environmental Determinism and Early Geography Although environmental determinism is a relatively recent approach to formal geographic study, its origins go back to ancient times. Climatic factors, for example, were used by Strabo, Plato, and Aristotle to explain why the Greeks were so much more developed in the early ages than societies in hotter and colder climates. Additionally, Aristotle came up with his climate classification system to explain why people were limited to settlement in certain areas of the globe.​​ Other early scholars also used environmental determinism to explain not only the culture of a society but the reasons behind the physical characteristics of a societys people. Al-Jahiz, a writer from East Africa, for instance, cited environmental factors as the origin of different skin colors. He believed that the darker skin of many Africans and various birds, mammals, and insects was a direct result of the prevalence of black basalt rocks on the Arabian Peninsula. Ibn Khaldun, an Arab sociologist, and scholar was officially known as one of the first environmental determinists. He lived from 1332 to 1406, during which time he wrote a complete world history and explained that the hot climate of Sub-Saharan Africa caused dark human skin.​ Environmental Determinism and Modern Geography Environmental determinism rose to its most prominent stage in modern geography beginning in the late 19th Century when it was revived by the German geographer Friedrich RÃ ¤tzel and became the central theory in the discipline. RÃ ¤tzels theory came about following Charles Darwins Origin of Species in 1859 and was heavily influenced by evolutionary biology and the impact a person’s environment has on their cultural evolution. Environmental determinism then became popular in the United States in the early 20th Century when RÃ ¤tzel’s student, Ellen Churchill Semple, a professor at Clark University in Worchester, Massachusetts, introduced the theory there. Like RÃ ¤tzel’s initial ideas, Semple’s were also influenced by evolutionary biology. Another one of RÃ ¤tzel’s students, Ellsworth Huntington, also worked on expanding the theory around the same time as Semple. Huntingtons work though, led to a subset of environmental determinism, called climatic determinism in the early 1900s. His theory stated that the economic development in a country could be predicted based on its distance from the equator. He said temperate climates with short growing seasons stimulate achievement, economic growth, and efficiency. The ease of growing things in the tropics, on the other hand, hindered their advancement. The Decline of Environmental Determinism Despite its success in the early 1900s, environmental determinism’s popularity began to decline in the 1920s as its claims were often found to be wrong. Also, critics claimed it was racist and perpetuated imperialism. Carl Sauer, for instance, began his critiques in 1924 and said that environmental determinism led to premature generalizations about an area’s culture and did not allow for results based on direct observation or other research. As a result of his and others criticisms, geographers developed the theory of environmental possibilism to explain cultural development. Environmental possibilism was set forth by the French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blanche and stated that the environment sets limitations for cultural development, but it does not wholly define culture. Culture is instead defined by the opportunities and decisions that humans make in response to dealing with such limitations. By the 1950s, environmental determinism was almost entirely replaced in geography by environmental possibilism, effectively ending its prominence as the central theory in the discipline. Regardless of its decline, however, environmental determinism was an important component of geographic history as it initially represented an attempt by early geographers to explain the patterns they saw developing across the globe.

Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs Free Essays

Abstract With the explosive growth of mobile wireless communication technologies, network integration is vital for next generation wireless networks as the different technologies available have been optimized for diverse usage models. This paper addresses the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax focusing mainly on interference and handover management. Firstly the coexistence issue of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed as they operate in the adjacent (almost overlapping) bands. We will write a custom essay sample on Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly a new standard aimed at providing a framework for media independent handover (MIH) among diverse networks is presented. Finally using a usage scenario, it is further shown how the MIH framework helps in the handover management taking into consideration user preference and available resources in the above named networks. Keywords: MIH; interoperability; coexistence; Introduction Wireless communication growth has been on the increase in the past years, thanks to the advantages they offer which include deployment flexibility, compatibility and user mobility during communications. Emerged technologies have been designed independently to deal with specific service types, usability domains and user categories.. The need to optimize performance led to the integration of radio access technologies to extend service availability as users expect to be globally reachable everywhere and at all times to the best network possible. For this to be feasible, access networks have to work together to enable users take full advantage of the available options (Piris et al 2009). The IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks is discussed in this paper. This standard defines three types of MIH services (event, command, and information) that facilitate the mobility management and handover decision making (lim et al 2009). The interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed from the interference and handover perspective. The problem of mutual interference between Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is analyzed using time multiplexing enabling their coexistence and to further aid their interoperability, the IEEE 802.21 standard which seamlessly enables handover (which occurs frequently due to user preference or allocated resources) among diverse networks is discussed. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 starts with a background which provides an overview of the wireless technologies considered above. In Section 3, using a collaborative technique, the coexistence problem of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed, the section goes further on to analyze how the IEEE 802.21 standard makes possible the interoperability of the three technologies. Section 4 provides an illustrative use case that highlight the usage of the Media-Independent Handover Services standard in an integrated wireless environment and some issues associated with their interoperability is discussed. Finally, the paper ends with conclusion and future directions. 2.0 Background 2.1. Bluetooth (PAN) As stated by Bhagwat (2001), Bluetooth 1.1 is a short range wireless link technology intended for cable replacement. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. As seen in Golmie (2001), Bluetooth’s air interface is based on an antenna power of 1mW and uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) as its modulation scheme. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) divides the channel in 625 µs slot and support a data rate of 700kbps to 3Mbps. Bluetooth uses frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Song et al (2007). Bluetooth uses authorization and authentication to verify users and their right to connect with each other. As indicated by Johansson et al (1999), Authentication in Bluetooth uses the challenge–response strategy and connection may require a one way, two-way or no authentication which is achieved based on the stored link key or by pairing. Traskback (2000) adds that there are three different security modes present in Bluetooth, Mode 1,2 and 3. 2.2.WLAN(LAN) 802.11 is a collection of standards for implementing WLAN communication in the designated frequency bands. Currently there are about twenty two(22) amendments(Labiod et al 2007)which all adopt the media access technique called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).This work is focused on the 802.11g specification. Song et al (2007) indicates that 802.11g has a coverage of about 75 feets, supports the Direct squence spread spectrum and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing signalling method to attain a maximum data rate of 54Mbps. 802.11g operates in the 2.4GHz band. Security in WLAN can be achieved by deploying an authenication mechanism as a means to WLAN access contol and providing confidentiality for wireless data by establishing encrption. The EAP-TLS which provides certificate-based authentication for WLANs, a replaced WEP as it satisfied all the required properties of authentication protocols (Tavallaee, 2007). 2.3.WIMAX(WAN) Wimax operates on FCC licensed frequency range of 10 to 66GHz and unlincensed frequencies of 2 to 11GHz and has a theoritical bandwidth and range of 75Mbps and 50Km respectively. IEEE 802.16e, the mobile version of Wimax will be considered in this paper, 802.16e works in the 2.3GHz and 2.5GHz frequency bands and uses OFDM (Zhang Chen, 2008).,the WiMAX MAC is centralized and connection-oriented unlike WLAN MAC that is distributed and connectionless (DeBeasi, 2008). Security in WiMax is based on authentication, encryption and authorization. 3.0 Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax Interoperability This section analyzes a solution from the MAC layer to handle the coexistence issue between WiMax ,WLAN and Bluetooth and to further aid interoperability, discusses the implementation of the IEEE 802.21 standard which enables seamless handover among diverse networks. 3.1Solution to the coexistence problem of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN The idea is to synchronize the different protocols to ensure that their bandwidth over a shared spectrum is allocated in a time multiplexed, non-concurrent but fair way. By this, interference can be eliminated when these technologies operate in an integrated environment. Considering a usage scenario where a Mobile node(MN) uses a Bluetooth enabled wireless headset to conduct a cellular conversation, while simultaneously downloading email or browsing the Internet through the phone’s WiMax and WLAN air link interchangeably, Time division multiplexing is uses to mitigate interference as Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands (almost overlapping) thus causing conflict and severe performance degradation(Bitran Eshed, 2007) Firstly, the protocols are synchronized in time. A lowest common denominator is found between the different clock systems and are coordinated accordingly. WiMax time base is based on 5ms frame and Bluetooth is based on 625 µs per slot. 15ms is considered a common factor between the two system clocks during which 3 WiMax frames and 24 Bluetooth slots will be processed(Bitran Eshed, 2007). The addition of the WLAN in the coexistence scheme involves CSMA/CD which is not based on time allocations but on collision detection and the use of random back offs, ibid., p2. To minimize power consumption and to avoid interference, the WLAN interface is set to sleep mode when it is not transmitting and have the access point buffer all its transmissions – up to a predefined buffer size. When the channel is free and it exits the sleep mode, it sends a trigger frame to the access point, who sends all its buffered data. The figure below is a solution showing how the technologies would operate in the 15ms time interval. Having synchronized the links and identified the fundamental, repetitive pattern, it is essential to ensure that they remain synchronized throughout the concurrent operation of the links. Figure 1 illustrating time multiplexing of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax (Bitran Eshed, 2007) The Bluetooth SCO/HV3 profile defines a repetitive six slot period during which two consecutive slots are used for transmission. Because the Bluetooth interface is used in this scenario for transfer of voice, it is given preference. To avoid interruptions, the WiMax base station refrains from allocating transmission opportunities to the slots used by the Bluetooth. 3.2Seamless Handover Based on user preference and available resources , the ability to switch (Seamless Handover) between the different technologies has been made possible by the IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks. This is discussed below. The IEEE 802.21 standard (media independent handover) was proposed to facilitate interoperability between IEEE 802 and non IEEE 802 technologies (Pontes et al, 2008). The 802.21 framework is called the media independent handover (MIH). MIH provides link layer intelligence and other related network information to upper layers to optimize handovers (Ying et al, 2008). It is assumed that mobile Node has interfaces that supports all three technologies. To sustain uninterrupted user connections during handover across different networks, the handover-enabling functions (MIHF) defined by the IEEE 802.21 is logically introduced between Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the OSI network stack. The MIHF provides available information from lower layers (MAC and PHY) to the higher layers of the protocol stack which are used to make handover and link-selection decisions. Figure 2 MIH framework/architecture (Gupta et al, 2006). As seen in figure 2, The main component of the IEEE 802.21 framework is the MIHF. It provides a consolidated interface to the upper layers independent of the primary access technologies. This is made possible by three services: The Media-independent event service (MIES),the Media-independent information service (MIIS) and the Media independent command service (MICS) The MIES provides services to the upper layers by reporting both local and remote events such as changes in link conditions, link status, and link quality. The MICS enables upper layer manage and control the parameters related to link behavior and handovers. The MICS offer commands to the upper layer, with this commands able to manage and send actions to the lower layers. The MIIS facilitates handovers by providing a mechanism for the MIHF to discover available neighboring network information within its vicinity. Hence, MIIS allows mobile nodes to check for available networks in range while using their currently active access network. 4.0 Usage Scenario Considering the same scenario cited above.FMIPv6 signaling is explicitly included as the Layer 3 mobility management protocol The MN request MIIS information and constantly listens to its interfaces. Upon receiving a signal from a WLAN AP accompanied by a 802.11 link detected event from the MAC layer sent to the MIHF, the MN becomes aware of a new connectivity opportunity. The event 802.11 link is sent to the upper layer, particularly sent to FMIPv6 the management protocol which in turn contacts the handover policy engine which pre-verifies the new connection. Depending on the implemented handover policy, the MN searches for information about the new network at the MIIS (such as security, required bandwidth security etc.) Figure 3 shows the operation in detail. The upper layer executes the handover decision taking into account the user’s preference and the resources available at the new network. After the decision has been made, the FMIPv6 signaling begins as illustrated in the figure above. The MN still stays connected to the previous point of attachment to provide a make-before-break approach enabling seamless hand over. When the FMIPv6’s FNA message is received, it indicates that handover has been completed (Pontes et al, 2008). The MN handover complete message releases the resources allocated by WiMax and deactivates the interface. Figure 3 WiMax/WLAN handover using the MIH framework with Bluetooth coexistence (PONTES et al 2008) 4.1. Interoperability Issues. Inability to control soft handovers: In the absence of an explicit support at the upper layer, an application is unable to benefit from soft handover capabilities when moving across different networks even if soft handovers are possible at the data link layer. The migrated connection are therefore open to packet loss and performance degradation. (Hsien et al, 2004). Infrastructure Support: Current approaches proposed that Mobile IP (MIP) can handle network layer mobility is only possible if the network provider provides for a home agent. Also the effectiveness of the approaches to achieve host mobility without incurring overhead in different networks, again is limited to the specificity of the networks they are assigned for. (Ibid). Power and Interference Management: Power management becomes a challenge when diverse access networks are integrated in same device. Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands(almost overlapping) thus causing conflict End to end security: Ensuring a trusted, efficient and usage-model appropriate means of authenticating users is a key issues in cross-network connectivity. (Hurwitz Bryan, 2003) as the different network devices have different security settings. 5.0Conclusion The emergence of heterogeneous wireless access technologies and their interoperability has been a major concern for future wireless systems. In this paper, the interoperability of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN have been discussed. Because no technology is good or generic enough to replace all others thus combined usage is a good approach to offer the always best connection. The coexistence of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was analyzed first, taking into consideration the fact that the operate in adjacent (almost overlapping) frequency bands, so are subject to interference. Secondly with the use of the MIH framework, the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was illustrated through a common scenario. Some issues associated with their interoperability were also mentioned. For the future, active research should be performed in this area to completely eliminate these interoperability issues to enable users seamlessly utilize services irrespective of the network concerned for better coverage even at a low cost. Bibliography Bhagwat, P. (2001). IEEE Internet Computing. Bluetooth technology for Short-Range wireless Apps. , 5 (3), 96-103. Bitran, Y., Eshed, E. (2007, June 18). Solving the coexistence of WiMAX, Bluetooth and WiFi in converged handsets. EE Times Design . DeBeasi, P. (2008, March 24). WiMAX INTRODUCTION. Retrieved from http://www.mobileparadigm.com/my articles/200803.WiMAXPart1.pdf Golmie, N. (2001). Interference in the 2.4 GHz ISM band: Challenges and solutions.(online). Retrieved from http://www.antd.nist.gov/pubs/golmie.pdf. Golmie, N. (2009). Seamless Mobility: Are we there yetIEEE Wireless Communications – National Institute of standards and Technology Gupta, V., Williams, M. G., Johnston, D., McCann, S., Barber, P., Ohba, Y. (2006, July 18). IEEE 802.21 Overview of Standard for Media Independent Handover Services. IEEE 802 Plenary . San Diego. Han, T., Zhang, N., Liu, K., Tang, B., Liu, Y. (2008). Analysis of Mobile WiMAX Security: Vulnerabilities and Solutions. IEEE International Conference , 828. Hsien, H.-Y., Kim, K.-H., Sivakumar, R. (2004). An End-to-End approach for transparent mobility accross heterogeneous wireless networks. Mobile networks and applications , 364. Hurwitz, R., Bryan, P. (2003, November 1). The Future of wireless handsets. Retrieved 2011, from Deviceforge.com: http://www.deviceforge.com/articles/AT7085477626.html Jahansson, P., Jahansson, N., Korner, U., Jahannes, E., Svennaqs, G. (1999). 1999 IEEE International Conference Communications, 1999. ICC ’99. Short range radio based ad-hoc networking: performance and properties , 3, 1414. Jokela, J., Simpson, F., Zaks, A., Zhu, J. (2007). WPAN/WLAN/WWAN Multi-Radio Coexistence. IEE 802 Plenary. Atlanta. Labiod, H., Afifi, H., Santis, C. D. (2007). WI-FI T M , BLUETOOTH T M , ZIGBEE T M A ND WIMAX TM. The Netherlands: The Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht. Lansford, J., Nevo, R., Zehav, E. (2000, Nov 7). IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). MEHTA: A method for coexistence between co-located 802.11b and Bluetooth systems . Hillsboro. Lim, W.-S., Kim, D.-W., Suh, Y.-j., Won, J.-J. (2009). mplementation and performance study of IEEE 802.21 in integrated IEEE 802.11/802.16e networks. Computer communication , 32 (1), 134-143. PONTES, A. B., SILVA, D. D., JOSE JAILTON, J., O. R. (2008, October 2008). HANDOVER MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED WLAN AND MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKS. IEEE Wireless Communications . Prince, J. (2006, November 12). Ensuring WLAN, Bluetooth Coexistence. Retrieved March 2011, from http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20061121/124164/ Piris, E., Pentikousi, K. (2009). IEEE 802.21: Media-Independent Handover Services. Th e I n t e r n e t P ro to c o l Jo u r n a l , 12 (2), 7-27. Song, M., Shetty, S., Gopalpet, D. (2007). Mobile Networks and Applications. Coexistence of IEEE 802.11b and bluetooth: An Integrated Performance Analysis , 12 (5), 450-459. Tavallaee, M. (2007). â€Å"An Overview of WLAN Authentication Protocols†. Technical report, Univeristy of New Brunswick. Traskback, M. (2000). Security of Bluetooth. An overview of Bluetooth Security, Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of . Vainio, J. (2000). â€Å"Bluetooth security†. Proceedings of Helsinki University of Technology, Telecommunications Software and Multimedia Laboratory, Seminar on Internetworking: Ad Hoc Networking . Ying, W., Yun, Z., Jun, Y., Ping, Z. (2008, May 20). An Enhanced Media Independent Handover Framework for Heterogeneous Networks. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC Spring 2008. . , 2306. Zhang, Y., Chen, H.-H. (2008). Mobile Wimax : Towards Broadband Wireless Metropolitian Area Networks. NW: Taylor and Francis group,LLC. How to cite Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs, Essay examples

Special Friendship Essay Research Paper I walked free essay sample

Particular Friendship Essay, Research Paper I walked place from school, transporting a heavy burden of books on my hurting shoulders. Each measure I took was accompanied with a wish that I was already at place, resting on my cosy bed. I walked on, my eyes stuck on the burned black route. As I dragged my pes along, I could see little pieces of dried pitch turn overing on the unsmooth surface. Upon making my doorsill, I heaved a heavy suspiration of relieve and pleasance. At last, I have reached my long waited finish ; place. My ruddy, gluey thenar reached out for the doorhandle. I was approximately to put pes onto the cold shiny tiles when I heard a soft whine coming from behind me. When I turned to look for the beginning of the sound, I felt something rage coppice past my mortise joint. Looking down at the rage thing, I was rooted to the land. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Friendship Essay Research Paper I walked or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right at that place, looking back at me, was a beautiful grey kitty. I could non believe my eyes. Before I could even believe of what to make next, the kitty ran into the kitchen. Then, I heard my male parent boom in torment. I was given a 10 proceedingss lecture. Although I explained that the kitten went into the house when I came place, my male parent pig-headedly came with the decision that I intentionally let it in. After the lecture, I was ordered to throw the kitty out of the house. Reluctantly, I brought it to a resort area near my house. I had brought along a Sn of pilchards, which I took without anybody? s cognition. I gave the kitty the pilchards and watched it devour it. I stroked the soft, smooth rage animal and said adieu, go forthing it behind. Surprisingly, the kitty ever waits for me at my doorsill when I return from school. It did non travel into my house but alternatively waited patiently for me to alter into my insouciant apparels before conveying it to the resort area with a Sn of cat nutrient that has cost a one-fourth of my school disbursals. This went on for the following two hebdomads, and the following and the following. The kitty has so become my friend, a particular friend. Sometimes, when I am truly pressurized with my school assignment, I will kick to the kitty. Peoples might believe I am insane or merely obviously stupid. Nevertheless, I think I did the right thing. This is because by making so I can really experience the force per unit area within me go forthing, everytime I complained to the kitty. Furthermore, the kitty seems to understand me. It would cream my custodies and so playfully seize with teeth my fingers. It was like stating me to hearten up. This particular friendly relationship went on. The kitty is now a plump, healthy cat. I do non see it mundane but I will neer bury to go forth nutrient for it at my doorsill. This particular friendly relationship is so an experience I am truly proud of.

Free Essays on Red Spruce In Vermont

Where Have All The Red Spruce Gone? Acid Rain in Vermont Forest Ecology Term Paper Grant 1 â€Å"Acid Rain.† It is a term that has been imbedded in us for many decades and yet still it is an issue today. It is a term that was coined in 1872 by Dr. Robert Angus Smith, an English chemist. (Mello 21). He noticed that the air in the cities contained many different contaminates including sulfuric acid, which he believed to be the cause of corroding metals and certain types of damage to plants. His colleagues ignored his studies and findings and it wasn’t until 100 years later that scientists started to explore this serious problem. There are many different pollutants that incur the effects of acid deposition. Primary pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere from sources such as power plants, automobiles, factories, and even residential furnaces. These primary pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO). When nitrogen and sulfur combine with oxygen, a very reactive element in our atmosphere, secondary pollutants are formed. These include photochemical oxidants, such as ozone, and acid deposition. Acid rain forms when nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide react with oxidants and moisture in the atmosphere to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid. These acids are made of hydrogen and nitrate or sulfate ions (Dept of Agriculture 8). These acids can reach the earth as precipitation in the form of rain, Grant 2 snow, sleet, hail, clouds, dew, and fog. It can also reach the earth as dry particles or gasses. Many of these gaseous emissions and particles come from coal burning power plants and other industrial sources. Subsequently, in Northern New York and New England, there are few industrial areas, however the pollutants are carried hundreds of miles and deposited here by different weather patterns. In the 1960’s scientists began to notice a decline in the red spruce population in Vermont... Free Essays on Red Spruce In Vermont Free Essays on Red Spruce In Vermont Where Have All The Red Spruce Gone? Acid Rain in Vermont Forest Ecology Term Paper Grant 1 â€Å"Acid Rain.† It is a term that has been imbedded in us for many decades and yet still it is an issue today. It is a term that was coined in 1872 by Dr. Robert Angus Smith, an English chemist. (Mello 21). He noticed that the air in the cities contained many different contaminates including sulfuric acid, which he believed to be the cause of corroding metals and certain types of damage to plants. His colleagues ignored his studies and findings and it wasn’t until 100 years later that scientists started to explore this serious problem. There are many different pollutants that incur the effects of acid deposition. Primary pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere from sources such as power plants, automobiles, factories, and even residential furnaces. These primary pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO). When nitrogen and sulfur combine with oxygen, a very reactive element in our atmosphere, secondary pollutants are formed. These include photochemical oxidants, such as ozone, and acid deposition. Acid rain forms when nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide react with oxidants and moisture in the atmosphere to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid. These acids are made of hydrogen and nitrate or sulfate ions (Dept of Agriculture 8). These acids can reach the earth as precipitation in the form of rain, Grant 2 snow, sleet, hail, clouds, dew, and fog. It can also reach the earth as dry particles or gasses. Many of these gaseous emissions and particles come from coal burning power plants and other industrial sources. Subsequently, in Northern New York and New England, there are few industrial areas, however the pollutants are carried hundreds of miles and deposited here by different weather patterns. In the 1960’s scientists began to notice a decline in the red spruce population in Vermont...

Birthright Citizenship in the United States

Birthright Citizenship in the United States Birthright citizenship in the United States is the legal principle that any person born on U.S. soil automatically and immediately becomes a U.S. citizen. It contrasts with U.S. citizenship obtained through naturalization or acquisition- citizenship granted by virtue of being born abroad to at least one U.S. citizen parent. A â€Å"birthright† is defined as any right or privilege to which a person is entitled by virtue of birth. Long challenged in both the courts of law and public opinion, the policy of birthright citizenship remains highly controversial today, particularly when applied to children born to undocumented immigrant parents. Key Takeaways: Birthright Citizenship Birthright citizenship is the legal principle that any person born on U.S. soil automatically becomes a citizen of the United States.Birthright citizenship was established in1868 by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and confirmed by the US Supreme Court in the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark.Birthright citizenship is granted to persons born in the 50 U.S. states and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Today, birthright citizenship is a highly controversial issue as it applies to children born to parents who have entered the United States illegally. Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis Citizenship Birthright citizenship is based on the principle of â€Å"jus soli,† a Latin term meaning â€Å"right of the soil.† According to jus soli, a person’s citizenship is determined by their place of birth. As in the United States, jus soli is the most common means by which citizenship is acquired. Jus Soli is in contrast to â€Å"jus sanguinis,† meaning â€Å"right of the blood,† the principle that a person’s citizenship is determined or acquired by the nationality of one or both parents. In the United States, citizenship can be acquired by either jus soli, or less commonly, by jus sanguinis.   Legal Basis of US Birthright Citizenship In the United States, the policy of birthright citizenship is based in the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating â€Å"[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.† Ratified in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted to override the 1857 U.S. Supreme Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford decision which had denied citizenship to former African American slaves. In the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark, the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that under the Fourteenth Amendment, full U.S. citizenship cannot be denied to any person born within the United States, regardless of the citizenship status of the parents at the time. Under the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, birthright citizenship is similarly granted to any person born in the United States to a member of an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other aboriginal tribe. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, U.S. jus soli birthright citizenship, as established by the Fourteenth Amendment, is automatically granted to any person born within any of the 50 states and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, jus sanguinis birthright citizenship is granted (with some exceptions) to persons born to U.S. citizens while in other countries.   The above statutes and subsequent legislative amendments are compiled and codified into the United States Code of Federal Laws at 8 U.S.C.  § 1401 to define who becomes a United States citizen at birth. According to federal law, the following persons shall be deemed U.S. citizens at birth: A person born in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof.A person born in the United States to a member of an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other aboriginal tribe.A person born in an outlying possession of the United States of parents one of whom is a citizen of the United States who has been physically present in the United States or one of its outlying possessions for a continuous period of one year at any time prior to the birth of such person.A person of unknown parentage found in the United States while under the age of five years, until shown, prior to his attaining the age of twenty-one years, not to have been born in the United States. The Birthright Citizenship Debate While the legal concept of birthright citizenship has withstood years of challenges in the courts of law, its policy of automatically granting U.S. citizenship to children of undocumented immigrants has not fared as well in the court of public opinion. For example, a 2015 Pew Research Center survey found that 53% of Republicans, 23% of Democrats, and 42% of Americans overall favor changing the Constitution to bar citizenship for children born in the U.S. to undocumented immigrant parents. Many opponents of birthright citizenship argue that it encourages expectant parents to come to the U.S. simply to give birth in order to improve their own chances of attaining legal resident (green card) status- a practice often called â€Å"birth tourism.† According to a Pew Hispanic Center analysis of Census Bureau data, an estimated 340,000 of the 4.3 million babies born in the United States in 2008 were born to â€Å"unauthorized immigrants.† The Pew study further estimates that a total of about four million American-born children of unauthorized immigrant parents lived in the U.S. in 2009, along with about 1.1 million foreign-born children of unauthorized immigrant parents. Controversially calling it the â€Å"anchor baby† situation, some lawmakers have suggested legislation to change how and when birthright citizenship is granted. The 2015 Pew analysis found that birthright citizenship was granted to about 275,000 babies born to undocumented immigrant parents in 2014, or about 7% of all births in the U.S. that year. That number represents a drop from the peak year of illegal immigration in 2006 when about 370,000 children- about 9% of all births- were born to undocumented immigrants. In addition, about 90% of undocumented immigrants who give birth in the U.S. have resided in the country for more than two years before giving birth. On October 30, 2018, President Donald Trump escalated the debate by stating that he intended to issue an executive order completely removing the right of citizenship to people born in the U.S. to foreign nationals under any circumstances- an act some argue would essentially repeal the Fourteenth Amendment. The president set no timeline for his proposed order, so birthright citizenship- as established by the Fourteenth Amendment and United States v. Wong Kim Ark- remains the law of the land. Other Countries With Birthright Citizenship According to the independent, non-partisan Center for Immigration Studies, the United States along with Canada and 37 other countries, most of which are in the Western Hemisphere, offer largely unrestricted jus soli birthright citizenship. No Western Europe countries offer unrestricted birthright citizenship to all children born within their borders. Over the last decade, many countries, including France, New Zealand, and Australia, have abandoned birthright citizenship. In 2005, Ireland became the last country in the European Union to abolish birthright citizenship. Sources and Further Reference Arthur, Andrew R. (November 5, 2018). Birthright Citizenship: An Overview. Center for Immigration Studies.Smith, Rogers M. (2009). Birthright Citizenship and the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and 2008. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law.Lee, Margaret (May 12, 2006). U.S. Citizenship of Persons Born in the United States to Alien Parents. Congressional Research Service.Da Silva, Chantal. (October 30, 2018). Trump Says He Plans to Sign Executive Order to Terminate Birthright Citizenship. CNN.

Communication Method Preferred By Workers Statistics Project

Communication Method Preferred By Workers - Statistics Project Example The results saw more company employees suggest to side with formal communication. Basing on the sample used, the results were as follows. Eighteen of the employees suggested that the best communication method for them would be the formal communication method, only eight members believed that informal methods like grapevine could aid in communication in the company while only four employees remained neutral with no particular side to support. According to the graph, the results remain in support of the employee communication as a means of people to create a force that works together and more bound. According to the graph, many of the employees rather supported the use of formal means of communication rating it than using the informal means. The neutral part remained accounted for but only four voted believing that they had no particular side of communication. These results indicated that the use of formal communication means could help hasten up the operations of the company despite the different disadvantages of the two. The informal means include the use of grape vine, which may also cause difficulties in interactions. The informal means provides the unofficial way of propelling information (DuBrin,

Journal M5-M6 for art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal M5-M6 for art - Essay Example This method is familiar to use from childhood (Getlein, 268). When modeling, the sculptor begins with a simple framework and adds material until the sculpture is finished. Carving basically, is a subtractive process whereby the sculpture starts with a mass of material larger than the planned sculpture and takes await the extra materials until the desired sculpture is attained. On the other hand, the author describes casting as a process of molding of some kind, whereby liquid or semiliquid material is poured and allowed to harden. Basically, this chapter describes each of these methods into detail and look at some of the materials they are used with (Getlein, 269). This chapter is very interesting and it brings out the theme of methods of sculpture. The chapter describes various methods of sculpture and their importance. The way the author describes the various methods is just splendid. He not only describes the methods but he accompanies every method with an example. This makes the chapter easier to understand and comprehend hence appreciating the work of art to greater lengths. Chapter 12 This chapter focuses on Arts of Ritual and Daily Life. In this chapter, the book describe the content that ‘art’ was derived from, objects made with great skill and inventiveness, rewards for contemplate and the ultimate meaning. The author argues that art was made to handled, touched, to be used in daily life or in ritual settings such as religious occasions. For these reasons, art possess a special human intimacy. Whenever we see art in the museum, it is good to recognize that they were once used by their owners who took them into their lives. The chapter starts by introducing various used media such as glass, wood, fiber, clay, ivory, lacquer and jade as described by the Western objects fashioned before the arise of the fine art. The chapter then discusses on how Western thinking about these arts has changed and been challenged in the 21st century since fine art was born. Various cultures are also revealed through art and the author explains this concept by the revealing the elements of exporting art through various cultures (Getlein, 271). The main theme of the chapter is the origin of fine art and the influence of Western culture to the development of fine art. According to the chapter, the modern concept of art took place during the 18th Century. During this period, the European philosophers separated paintings, architecture and sculpture from other kinds of skilled making and placed them in a new category called fine. My personal assessment after reading the chapter is that Western culture greatly was very vital and still influential in the development of current art. Chapter 13 Architecture is a very important aspect of art. More than any other arts, architectural arts demands structural stability. Every individual, there is a daily movement in and out of buildings, and some may take that for granted (Getlein, 280). Have you ever t hought about it? That maybe they might collapse on you? Well, all credit goes to architecture. This chapter focuses on structural systems in architecture in which a stable of a building is based. The chapter also describes various structural systems which are introduced in roughly chronological order in which they were developed. These structural systems include; load-bearing construction, Post-and-Lintel, Round Arch and Vault, Pointed Arch and Vault,

Functions of Investment Banks

Functions of Investment Banks A Critical Discussion of the Major Functions  Performed by Investment Banks. Glossary (Jump to) Abstract   Chapter 1 –The Major Functions of Investment Banks   Summary Bills of Exchange   Corporate Finance Investment Management   Chapter 2 – Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography Abstract Investment banks evolved as a result of lucrative merchant centers located in the north of Italy, Belgium as well as Holland from the 17th through 19th centuries. During that period Europe’s most influential merchant families moved to the United Kingdom as it was becoming the merchant and banking center of the region. Said list included the Barings, Rothchilds, and Warburg families and their interests (Kuhn, Robert. 1990)[1]. Developments in the United States resulted in that country becoming the center of financial activity in the late 20th century and saw the rise of JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs Merrill Lynch and Morgan Staley joining the ranks of the older investment powers (Carosso, 1970)[2]. Investment banking represents a broad spectrum of financial services that are dispensed by various specialists in conjunction with global investment banks. The services performed by these institutions includes (Lott, 2001)[3]: Underwriting, Distribution, The maintenance of markets in bonds, shares and securities issued by public entities and businesses, as well as Other services In contrast to the services provided by commercial banks, where the principle functions are to accept deposits and make loans to consumers and business on a short-term basis, investment banks engage in four important functions (Lott, 2001)[4]: Assist in the arrangement for the provision of funds to corporations and governments through underwriting as well as distributing new securities issues, Maintenance of markets for securities through the trading and execution of orders for secondary market transactions, Administer advice with respect to the purchase, sale and issuance of securities as well as other financial areas, The creation and management of varied investment vehicles. In addition to the foregoing, investment banks also perform a number of other important transactions and functions that are the subject of discussion in this paper. Chapter 1 –The Major Functions of Investment Banks 1.1 Summary Investment banking consists of a broad array of financial transactions. Some of the more familiar are (Lott, 2001)[5]: Underwriting, Syndication, Corporate Demand Capital Tenders and, Investment banking functions It is this last area that shall for the basis for examination. Bills of Exchange (Williamson, 1988)[6] These are independent instruments of debt that carry the signature of the customer (debtor). In summary, it is an order that directs a specific sum is to be paid to a specific individual. This instrument safeguards that a bill is accepted so that control is not lost of the item(s) involved. A ‘bill of exchange’ contains a stated date of payment that must be concluded on that date irrespective of any disputes concerning the item named. There are legal measures to prevent payment, termed ‘non-honoring’, which are subject to differing rules depending upon the country involved. Corporate Finance (Williamson, 1988)[7] This aspect of investment banking represents a specific finance area that deals with corporate financial decisions as well as the tools and analysis formulas and processes utilized to arrive at these decisions. It is divided into ‘short-term’ and ‘long-term’ techniques and decisions whereby the objective is to enhance corporate value through ensuring the ‘return on capital’ is more than the ‘cost of capital’. The equation rests on a conservative application of risks. Corporate finance is related to managerial finance, although the latter is larger in scope as it entails financial techniques that are possible in all business forms, whether they are corporate or non-corporate. IPO’s (efmoody, 2005)[8] Termed ‘Initial Public Offerings’, IPO’s represent the beginning of a publicly listed company and as such those investors whom are in position at this stage are poised to reap almost immediate gains if the stock rises on opening day. Similarly, these same investors stand to lose money if the opening price drops substantially. During the last few years the offering prices have tended to average out as being overpriced. This is borne out by the fact that the closing price, on average, the day of opening generated an annual return of just 2%. In terms of profitability, IPO’s generate large fees for the participating firms and represent the most profitable underwriting area. Fees generally average seven percent (7%). After the various splits between managing underwriters, brokerage firms, law firms and staff the profit hovers in the 34% through 40% range. This service is a cornerstone in aiding firms to float securities needed to expand or underwrite operations and as such represents one of the more important functions performed by investment banks. Rights Issues (Constantinides et al, 2002)[9] These are equity issues whereby shareholders of record have the right to purchase new shares that have a fixed exercise price. Mergers Acquisitions (Allen et al, 2000)[10] Investment banks act in the capacity as advisors in merger and acquisition deals. In working with both the target(s) of acquisition as well as the acquirer(s), investment banks provide their information expertise to help arrive at the ‘reservation price’. They also calculate the potential for gains and the risks in the transaction. And while investment banks have a vested interest in these deals, their pragmatism is an effective counter weight in maintaining a balance between undervaluing and overvaluing. Operating under banking regulations, investment banks represent a sort of intermediary that engenders public trust in the legitimacy of the transaction and is a part of a system that represent checks and balances over these types of transactions. Commercial banks might have potential conflicts of interest in these types of deals, so even while they have recently taken on this role, the majority of these transactions are still funneled through investment banks. Investment Management (Williamson, 1988)[11] As the term implies, investment management is also known as portfolio management as well as money management. It is a segment of investment analysis that examines the management of money relating to securities purchases as well as their sale. High Net Worth Individuals (Williamson, 1988)[12] Investment banking services for individuals of high net worth has been a long standing feature for an elite group whose banking investment needs exceed the capabilities of commercial banks and traditional specialists. The complex variable regarding the client’s return targets and relative degrees of risk along with long as well as short-term requirements represent specialized analysis. The resources of an investment bank are suited to meet the demanding requirements of these types of individuals as well as confidentiality. The extremely sophisticated variables comprising recommendations and placement in various instruments are crafted to fit an approved plan of action. Because high net worth individuals have access to their own channels of information, the demands of these types of clients in terms of sophistication requires the resources of a specialized institution. Corporations (Williamson, 1988)[13] The investment management of corporations entails handling a number of asset management areas. As is the case with high net worth individuals, it entails an extensive analysis of the goals and objectives desired as well as the cash availability requirements for specific periods of time. The preceding represents a valuable service as a result of the high level contacts and access to specialized information, opportunities and rates of return with moderate risk that investment banks can avail themselves of. Pension Funds (Williamson, 1988)[14] These funds represent extremely large sums that require placement in investment avenues that contain high degrees of safety as well as meeting return rates in established parameters. The important nature of these retirement funds requires an institution to pay close attention to risk avoidance as well as any potential changes and shifts in the market that could potentially affect the money in the Fund. Mutual Funds (Williamson, 1988)[15] In terms of mutual funds, there are literally hundreds of fund types to select from as a result of the classifications within this group. One particular type of fund which investment banks have an advantage over commercial banks is in hedge funds. These types of funds are unregulated and usually governed by unconventional strategies. Hedge funds trade in equities, money markets and bonds and offer yields as well as risks that exceed traditional long stock and bond methodologies. The secretive nature of these funds and the fact that they cater to institutions, corporations and high net worth individuals only is within the purview of investment banks. The mutual fund classifications contains a number of differing types, these are as follows: Objective Oriented Growth This type is structured so that it appreciates in value over time by investing principally in the common stock of companies that have shown or are showing a high growth potential. Income These are structured to generate dividends on a regular basis as the priority, with growth in value as the secondary selection criteria. Balanced These funds are a balance between growth and income funds thereby providing investors with dividend payouts while the fund appreciates in value as a result of the growth in the corporations selected. Market Oriented Specialized Through limiting holdings in one industry sector these ‘sector growth’ funds place their emphasis on one industry classification. The preceding entails risks if that classification or segments of that classification perform poorly. The reverse is also true if the sector experiences growth. Bond Funds These tend to be conservative investments, principally in debt securities, with the objective of providing income while preserving capital. The focus is similar to Income Funds, which is the payment of dividends. Municipal These types of bonds can be either short or long term and represent state and or local government issuances. Corporate These funds are composed of bond issuances by corporations and are guaranteed by companies to pay out both interest as well as principle. Zero-coupon These are bonds that are sold to investors at a discount and payout only on the maturity of the face value. Because the investor purchased these at a discount, the face value represents the gain. International These are composed of the debt securities of corporations and governments located in other nations. As some countries pay higher rates, the gains can be interesting depending upon currency fluctuations and conversion rates. Convertible Securities These funds invest in securities (debt) that permit conversion of their bonds into stock. The objective is the preservation of capital yielding growth and income. Money Market Money market funds invest in the short-term obligations, debt, of both governments and corporations and are structured by and large to permit smaller investors to participate for amounts starting at approximately $500, depending upon the fund. Without the fund, direct participation requires increments of $10,000. The pooled sums are then invested and managed. Multifunds This type of fund invests in the performance of other types of mutual funds. All Weather These are designed to weather all types of business and economic phases. Emerging Growth These types of mutual funds invest in companies with high growth potential. Precious Metals As the name indicates, these are funds that take positions in various types of valuable metals. Green A newer category within this classification, Green Funds select growth companies that have a record of being responsive on environmental issues and adhere to policies within that arena. Chapter 2 – Conclusions Investment banks serve a valuable purpose in financial and business markets through their handling of public offerings (IPO’s) and private placements. These functions help corporations with their liquidity requirements and the issuance of securities. As investment banks can sell stock in an IPO as well as secondary offering and private placements they represent a centralized location that is able to fill the needs of corporations, governmental entities and high net worth individuals. The decades, and in some cases centuries of participation in high level finance has resulted in connections within finance arenas whereby investment banks maintain ties and associations at participation levels that are beyond commercial banks. In addition, this sector represents the top of the talent pool in finance, thus the intelligence factor exceeds the personnel employed in commercial banking. Because investment banks are primarily paid on a success basis, their commitment to the deals is higher and so are the monetary rewards. Typically, the compensation in the industry ranges 50 through 60% of profits paid out to partners and employees. Investment banking executives, analysts, junior bankers and junior partners generally earn twice their commercial bank counterparts as their jobs entail making money for the firm as well as performance reviews for themselves. The high pressure and performance nature of these positions means only the brightest in their fields work in this sector, thus the reason for investment banks receiving the biggest and the best of deals in all of the service function areas mentioned above. The preceding emphasis on profits, earnings, fees and performance might seem like a focus on greed, however it is geared to bring out the best, through competition among firms, which benefits investors, the general public and the economies of the countries in which these firms operate. Bibliography Allen, Linda, Jagtiani, Julapa, Sauders, Anthony. The Role of Bank Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Supervision and Regulation. Carosso, Vincent. 1970. Investment Banking in America, A History. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN: 0674465741 Constantinides, George, Harris, Milton, Stulz, Rene. 2002. Investment Banking and Securities Issuance. Handbook of the Economics of Finance. ISBN: 0444513639 efmoody.com. 2005. IPO’s. http://www.efmoody.com/investments/ipos.html Kuhn, Robert. 1990. The Library of Investment Banking. Dow-Jones Irwin, Homewood, IL. ISBN: 1556232993 Lott, Tom. 2001. Vault Career Guide to Investment Banking. Vault. ISBN: 1581311338 Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 1 Footnotes [1] Kuhn, Robert. 1990. The Library of Investment Banking. Dow-Jones Irwin, Homewood, IL. ISBN: 1556232993 [2] Carosso, Vincent. 1970. Investment Banking in America, A History. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN: 0674465741 [3] Lott, Tom. 2001. Vault Career Guide to Investment Banking. Vault. ISBN: 1581311338 [4] Ibid [5] Lott, Tom. 2001. Vault Career Guide to Investment Banking. Vault. ISBN: 1581311338 [6] Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 [7] Ibid [8] efmoody.com. 2005. IPO’s. http://www.efmoody.com/investments/ipos.html [9] Constantinides, George, Harris, Milton, Stulz, Rene. 2002. Investment Banking and Securities Issuance. Handbook of the Economics of Finance. ISBN: 0444513639 [10] Allen, Linda, Jagtiani, Julapa, Sauders, Anthony. The Role of Bank Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Supervision and Regulation. [11] Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 [12] Ibid [13] Ibid [14] Williamson, Peter. 1988. The Investment Banking Handbook. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0471815624 [15] Ibid

Most Intriguing Person I Have Met Essay

Introduction God is omnipresent and omnipotent. His representatives are Angels whose food is only fasting. They fly in the air as they take themselves very light. God and His angels could send only leaders, messengers, prophets to earth to proclaim about the goodness of God and to enable humanity to bear a fruitful life by following virtues and characteristics of God. He was disappointed, when it did not return expected results. God was on the look out for permanent person who is faithful, honest and trustworthy and who represent His kind-of on earth. God finally found â€Å"mothers† as his carnation, who would be kind, forbearing and have enough fortitude to transform hearts, minds and to spread the gospel of god’s goodness on earth. My mother was the most influential and inspirational person in my life until she passed away on February 28, 2004. Her life was extraordinarily courageous, hard working and self-reliant who lived a life in extreme hardships and confronted lachrymose situations. Read more: Essay the person I admire is my mother Mothers But Jesus turning to them said, â€Å"Daughters of Jerusalem, stop weeping for Me, but weep for yourselves and for your children.   Jesus at the time of carrying cross was experiencing great pain and agony. Even so, his heart moved when he saw women weeping for him. He felt that children should be the greatest priority in a woman’s life. Women who are the pillars of family, have the ability to transform lives through prayers. Prayer without penitence is a mere waste. Penitence brings tears and tears bring blessings from Heaven to families. This is exactly what Jesus meant by saying the above. Hard work â€Å"Hard work pays† is what she believed all through. Her single income, was insufficient to make both ends meet. Her financial planning, domestic chores, and struggle is absolutely inspiring, who had to question herself for every challenge she encountered and find answer all by herself alone. A unique life, while giving smiles outside, inside of her heart, there were volcanic pressures of all kinds and sizzles in life. My mother as a single parent, single income, executed hard work in rearing her children by providing good education, teaching life skills, settling the lives with good spouse and cherished the happiness with two daughters, two son-in-laws and four grand children. Spoke like a lioness with strangers and guarded her children like a hen that covered and protected her chickens under storms and strong winds. As a child I admired her initiativeness, courage and indispensable attitude. Amidst of huge loss in life, she sought happiness in devotion, gardening, social work and her grand children. Nobody could seize away her smiles and happiness even in the midst of life’s biggest storms. She prepared herself for every day. Her accostic approach to life was to see the positive side of life and never to look back. Her famous quote to me was â€Å"see the page, turn the page and do the work†. Long time before, she predicted that I would become a writer one day, which absolutely became true. Her absence now, declares â€Å"mothers are always right† and it is good for sons and daughters to carry the legacy of goodness of mothers to further generations, to spread a network of humility. After all, children should reflect with the moralistic features of parents. Courage In my childhood, her wake-me up rhyme was â€Å"cocks crow in the morning, to tell us to rise, for he who lies late, will never be wise. For early to bed and early to rise, makes a man, healthy, wealthy and wise.† She taught good things to her children and worked as a dedicated, determined and devoted mother. Bold and courageous even in trial period and solved the problems all by herself. She was deprived of all the happiness as a wife, she was entitled to, as any other woman. A Son who was expected to shoulder and strengthen his mother, in the absence of husband, suffered from a chronic illness for two decades, and at last passed away leaving her in great agony and depressment. Her energies, finances, effort to make her son survive, in order to just retain his presence on life’s long stage, were simply washed away with the passage of time. She survived this loss and tried to rebuild her life again, through her two daughters. Self-reliance & Self-less sharing Her another famous quote was â€Å"the works performed early in the morning in due diligence and early born children will take you to a land of success†. Situations make people strong, confident and courageous. She administered great respect for her sisters, brothers, friends and relatives and earned good name as â€Å"courageous and hard working† person. She respected, cared and helped all those she can in her employment. â€Å"Cut the coat according to the cloth† is what she believed in. Absolute and careful money management in providing needs for her children and without incurring any debts, all the hard-earned money, she saved for her children. After her retirement from government service, I expected a little rest and happiness to come her way as old age demands. She was attacked from a stroke and suffered for three years on bed in her final stage of battle in life. This made me to groan within, as to why good people are often chosen as silent sufferers and how things slip out of hand. A person who has passed through too many extreme situations in life, underwent much more struggle even in the last days of her life. Truly her passing way made me a whole new person to realize, that often good things are to be preserved and the teachings of mother can never be ignored. Conclusion â€Å"When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman behold thy son!†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Then he saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home† Mother Mary, loved Jesus as her dear son. On crucifixion of Jesus, she was standing near the cross, in great tears. Jesus too was worried about his mother. He chose his dear disciple, to take care of Mother Mary. Jesus, discharged the duty as a dear son, which is a promising characteristic feature of Jesus, amidst of great suffering. Good mothers are very few, who sacrifice their lives and take pain to walk an ‘extra mile’ each time, for others sake. Hard working, courageous, self-less and sacrificial mother is an extraordinary mother whose character is entirely divine and philosophical. Such lives are blessed and those generations of children often build an ethical and moralistic society. My mother’s life was lead by God’s presence at every phase of her life and she did the best than any other ordinary mother could have done as better than what is received by her children, through her sincere and honest efforts. On her memorial service, the following lines were written by me: You have hatched our lives Leveled our wings. Just as birds fly with confidence We lead our lives to this day. Your unproclaimed good deeds speaks to us Although, you are away from us. Help us to day and tomorrow. May the Almighty bestow His presence To your near and dear offering Comfort and peace forever. Bid adieu Mother, ***

Immigrants and the American Dream Essay - 1631 Words

Since the start of the twentieth century America has attracted people all over the world to relocate and start a new life. For many coming to America was a chance for a better life and new things. They all had something in common, they all had a dream, that dream was the American Dream. In the present day the desire to achieve the dream hasnt changed. However, the idea of the American Dream, brings up a lot of questions. What is the American Dream? Who defines it? Can it be achieved? Lastly, should everyone have a chance to achieve it? What is the American Dream? When this question was asked on the first day of class, there were many different answers as to what makes up the American Dream. Some people said having a good job, having†¦show more content†¦Walsh, who was quoted in the San Gabrial Valley Tribune, in the article Dreams Fulfilled for new Citizens. This article describes another form of the American Dream, becoming a citizen of this country. Many people who come into this country with temporary visas, have to go through a few steps before the can say I am an American. Once they can say that they feel are living the dream. To them being a called an American can open up the doors of opportunities for future generations in their families. In the article one woman was quoted saying ‘Its a great honor to be part of a nation. Theres not another one like this in the world. This women is not the only one who feels that way. In the USA Today article, Immigrants Want Land of Opportunity, one man speak s out about his struggles to finally say that he is an American. Markus Decker came to this country for an internship, which turned into a permanent position. He is here on a work visa, and has been awaiting approval on his green card for over two years. Decker has a wife and two children, and they are working hard and love what they do. Decker says that I speak the language like a native, and I hold a masters degree from a local university. I love the American culture and the way of life. Decker is living the standard dream, he has a good job, with a solid educational background, and his children will get to grow up in this country. He feels that the only thing missing to sayShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. 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If everyone has the same opportunities in America why do some peoples dreams get realizeRead MoreThe American Dream Is The Forefront Of Many Beginnings For Citizens And Immigrants Alike943 Words   |  4 Pages The American Dream is the forefront of many beginnings for citizens and immigrants alike. Achieving this idea has proved to be unfair in certain circumstances due to many factors. The ability to reach the American Dream is not entirely realistic to a handful of people and is highly refutable. Having the chance to accomplish the American Dream is a freedom that most people desire. The American Dream is in fact real, and many have reached this set of ideals with success. However, the diversity thatRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow Adams1130 Words   |  5 Pagesof the American Dream. The American Dream has changed dramatically over the few centuries. During the Founding Fathers’ time, many believed the American Dream meant freedom, equality, and mutual respect. Time has changed this ideology of the American Dream, which is now seen as owning a million dollar mansion with multiple luxury cars. This isn’t the case for many immigrants who come to the Americas to have a better life for themselves and their family. To many of them, the American Dream is as simpleRead MoreThe Importance Of Immigrants Role In Society791 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 19th century, waves of immigrants have migrated to the U.S. in search of the freedom and prosperity guaranteed by the Constitution. In pursuit of the â€Å"American† dream immigrants take shelter on American soil each year seeking employment, education, refuge, and better lives for their families. In 2015, the Migration Policy Institute reported that: â€Å"there were 43.3 million immigrants in the U.S. accounting for 13.5% of the U.S. population.† It’s unfortunate that immigrants role in society is misunderstood

The Conversion Of Constantine s Conversion Essay

The Conversion of Constantine Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. He started his reign in 306 AD. During this time the Roman Empire was still composed mainly of pagans. Although the population of Christians was on the rise, in the beginning of the fourth century Christians made up only 10 percent of the population in the Roman Empire. There were approximately five million Christian in the Roman Empire meaning that they were still the minority (Waldron). His conversion was an important turning point not only for Christians but also for the Roman Empire as a whole. Although most Romans still believed in Greco-Roman religions, Constantine decided to become a Christian because he knew that it would be beneficial for his role as emperor. His conversion was prompted by his desire to end the tetrarchy structure of he Roman Empire and to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. The story of Constantine’s conversion was told through Eucbuius of Caerser a. 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