Guide to Sentence Patterns for ESL Learners

Manual for Sentence Patterns for ESL Learners Sentence examples can be comprehended as the manner in which sentences are normally organized. It is imperative to become familiar with the most widely recognized sentence designs in English, as the greater part of the sentences you will hear, compose, and talk will follow these essential examples. Sentence Patterns #1 - Noun/Verb The most fundamental sentence design is a thing followed by an action word. Its imperative to recollect that lone action words that don't require objects are utilized in this sentence design. Individuals work.Frank eats.Things occur. This fundamental sentence example can be altered by including a thing expression, possessive descriptive word, just as different components. This is valid for all the sentence designs that follow. Individuals work. - Our representatives work.Frank eats. - My canine Frank eats.Things occur. - Crazy things occur. Sentence Patterns #2 - Noun/Verb/Noun The following sentence design expands on the main example and is utilized with things that can take objects. John plays softball.The young men are watching TV.She works at a bank. Sentence Patterns #3 - Noun/Verb/Adverb The following sentence design expands on the main example by utilizing a modifier to depict how an activity is finished. Thomas drives quickly.Anna doesnt rest deeply.He does schoolwork cautiously. Sentence Patterns #4 - Noun/Linking Verb/Noun This sentence design utilizes connecting action words to interface one thing to another. Connecting action words are otherwise called likening action words - action words which compare one thing with another, for example, be, become, appear, and so forth. Jack is a student.This seed will turn into an apple.France is a nation. Sentence Patterns #5 - Noun/Linking Verb/Adjective This sentence design is like sentence design #4, yet utilizes connecting action words to interface one thing to its depiction utilizing a descriptor. My PC is slow!Her guardians appear unhappy.English appears to be simple. Sentence Patterns #6 - Noun/Verb/Noun/Noun Sentence design #6 is utilized with action words that take both immediate and roundabout items. I purchased Katherine a gift.Jennifer demonstrated Peter her car.The instructor disclosed the schoolwork to Peter.â Portions of speechâ are the distinctive sort of words. They are assembled to make sentence designs in English. Here are theâ eight grammatical forms. Learning grammatical features make understanding sentences easier.â Nounâ Things will be things, individuals, places, ideas - PC, Tom, table, Portland, Freedom Pronounâ Pronouns supplant things in sentences. There are subject, object, and posessive pronouns - he, I, them, our, its, us Descriptive word Descriptive words depict things, individuals, spots and ideas. Modifiers precede things. - enormous, brilliant, fun, small Verbâ Action words are people main event, the activities they make. Action words are utilized in a wide range of tenses. - play, visit, purchase, cook Verb modifier Verb modifiers depict how, where or when something is finished. They regularly come toward the finish of a sentence. - consistently, gradually, cautiously Combination Conjunctions interface words and sentences. Conjunctions assist us with giving reasons and clarify. - in any case, and, on the grounds that, if Relational word Relational words assist us with indicating the connection between things, individuals and spots. Relational words are regularly only a couple of letters. - in, at, off, about Contribution Contributions are utilized to include accentuation, show comprehension, or shock. Additions are frequently trailed by shout focuses. - Wow!, ah, pow! There are various basic sentence designs used to compose most sentences in English. The fundamental sentence designs introduced in this manual for sentence examples will assist you with understanding the hidden example in even the most unpredictable English sentences. Step through this test to examination your comprehension of sentence examples and parts of speech.â What are the grammatical features of the words inâ italicsâ in each sentence?  My friendâ livesâ in Italy.Sharon has a bicycle.Alice has a bananaâ andâ an apple. He studies French at school.Jason lives in New York.Wow! That sounds difficult.He lives in a big house.Mary drove homeâ quickly.â Which sentence design does each sentence have? Dwindle considers Russian. I am a teacher.I gotten him a gift.Alice is happy.My companions danced. Mark talked gradually. Answers to grammatical features test verbnounconjunctionpronounprepositioninterjectionadjectiveadverb Answers to sentence design test Thing/Verb/NounNoun/Linking Verb/NounNoun/Verb/Noun/NounNoun/Linking Verb/AdjectiveNoun/VerbNoun/Verb/Adverb

Advantage and Disadvantage of Telecommunication Free Essays

Speaking with patients The New Medicine Service (and MURs) gives a proper chance to drug specialists to speak with patients on a coordinated premise about their meds and fundamental clinical condition(s). The NMS allows the mediations to be done either as an up close and personal arrangement or by means of phone. Cautious thought must be offered with regards to which of these specialized strategies is received by the drug store as every technique brings its own favorable circumstances and impediments. We will compose a custom paper test on Preferred position and Disadvantage of Telecommunication or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In spite of the fact that up close and personal correspondence would be the favored strategy for leading an intercession, all things considered, elephone mediations will be utilized by most drug stores at some stage. This short guide will support you and your staff impart all the more adequately when utilizing the phone as a component of the NMS. The words we go through make under 10% of the manner in which we convey in a face-toface circumstance, with the manner in which we state these words (paralinguistics) and non-verbal communication making up the rest of the rate. At the point when you are managing somebody via phone you can't see them, which denies you of the greater part of the data you would ordinarily have about the other individual (non-verbal communication, eye to eye connection and so on). Related article: Disadvantages of Aquatic Plants You can put together your decisions just with respect to the words you can hear and the manner in which they are being stated, which can once in a while present difficulties. Favorable circumstances and weaknesses Some of the focal points and hindrances of phone correspondence are: Telephone correspondence Advantages of imparting by phone: †¢ ofteneasiertoreachsomeonebyphone than by attempting to mastermind to see them face to face; increasingly advantageous for patients †¢ morelikelytosucceedincontacting somebody †particularly if a period/date has been concurred (scarcely any individuals can overlook the phone and leave it ringing) telephoneconversationsare,onaverage, shorter than up close and personal discussions as it’s simpler to control the discussion and step up to the plate. Drawbacks of imparting by phone: †¢ it’smoredifficulttoestablisharapporton the phone, as you don’t have all the visual signs that help you to jump on the â€Å"sam e wavelength† as the other individual †¢ whenphoningsomeoneit’spossibleto meddle at a badly arranged time and not understand it †¢ it’seasytoassumethatyouhavetheother person’s full focus †¢ youaremorelikelytogetdistractedand let your consideration meander itismoredifficulttoavoid mistaken assumptions †you can't utilize visual conduct to get criticism on whether your message has been comprehended or if there are things left inferred †¢ somethingsareimpossibletocheckover the phone, for example, inhaler procedures †¢ youaremorelikelytobelieveyoucando different things simultaneously as utilizing the phone †DON’T! Voice coordinating Thefirstthreesecondsofaphonecall are significant, as this is the point at which the other individual makes a judgment about the guest. When causing an active call to tune in to the pitch, speed, volume and tone of the other erson’svoicewhentheyfirstspeakandtry to â€Å"match† i t. Coordinating is a decent method of building compatibility, which can in any case be difficultoverthetelephone,andmakesthe other individual feel increasingly great. Tips for powerful phone intercessions Opening the discussion NMS mediation Introduce yourself plainly and request to address the patient utilizing their favored title/name. Check it’s still advantageous to address the patient. On the off chance that the patient is worried about revealing delicate individual data via phone and can't besatisfiedthatthecallerisringingfrom he drug store he/she may contact the drug store straightforwardly. Clarify in an unmistakable, straightforward way the motivation behind the call †check the patient comprehends the idea of the NMS and the purposes behind the conversation. Youshouldalsoconfirmconsentatthis stage. Educate the patient you will pose a progression of inquiries about their new meds and that you will cause notes as you to come. Tune in to the patient’s reacti ons as you work however the inquiries †oppose the impulse to interfere. Show you are tuning in by making clamors, for example, â€Å"um†, â€Å"yes†, and â€Å"really†. Utilize self-assured conduct to remain in charge of the call †utilize open/shut inquiries as suitable (open inquiries welcome point by point responds to though shut inquiries welcome single word answers). Non-verbal communication Body language, despite the fact that it can’t be seen, can influence our voice when on the phone. Along these lines, consider your stance while on the telephone. On the off chance that you are agreeable and loosened up your voice is probably going to mirror this. Make sure to grin †despite the fact that it can’t be seen it will be â€Å"heard† and you will sound inviting and confident. In the event that you are standing up while n the phone this can likewise make you sound increasingly decisive, and it is another method of closure a call on the off potential for success that you have up during a discussion. Utilizing a shut inquiry for instance is regularly useful in halting an excited patient diverging from proper lines of add ressing. Try not to race through the call. Talk at the patient’s pace and respite subsequent to giving guidance or offering answers for an issue to permit the patient to air their perspectives about this. At long last concur the time/date for any followup intercession. Make sure to give the call your full focus! The most effective method to refer to Advantage and Disadvantage of Telecommunication, Essay models

Constructivism in Psychology and Psychotherapy

Constructivism in Psychology and Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Print Constructivism in Psychology and Psychotherapy By Jenev Caddell, PsyD facebook twitter linkedin Jenev Caddell, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist, relationship coach, and author. Learn about our editorial policy Jenev Caddell, PsyD Updated on July 30, 2019 Group therapy. Getty Images Credit: Tom Merton More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Constructivism is a theory that posits that humans are meaning makers in their lives and essentially construct their own realities. In various psychotherapeutic approaches that fall under the umbrella of constructivism, the client is viewed as an active participant creating and determining his or her own life path. Constructive thinking differs from other forms of modern theory that views reality as fixed and to be discovered by clients. On the contrary, in constructivism, the reality is something that is created. Constructive Therapies Constructive therapies offer a shifted perspective away from the traditional focus in psychology about  what is wrong with a particular client to paying greater attention to someones strengths. It is more optimistic and attends to a clients resources, goals, hopes, and dreams. There is more of a concern about where someone wishes to go in their lives as opposed to their history or childhood.  The client is seen as a pro-active reality creator. How Does One Make Meaning? In constructivist theory, the meaning is not necessarily created by an individual but socially in relation to another. It posits an evolving set of meanings that emerge unendingly from the interactions between people. These meanings are not skull-bound and may not exist inside what we may think of as individual mind., (Hoffman, 1990). Reality is therefore socially constructed. This theory  is similar to that which is  posited in the cutting-edge field called interpersonal neurobiology, which views human identity as more relational than the individual. In other words, we are who we are as we are in relation to another.   Constructive Therapists The constructive therapists role in psychotherapy is unlike the classic doctor role in which the therapist is supposed to heal or treat a patient. While the therapist has skills and significant expertise at facilitation and guiding sessions, the constructive therapist is not seen as the objective expert. In constructivism, there is a deep awareness of the subjectivity that everyone has, therapists included. Therapist and client are therefore seen as collaborative participants as they make meaning together and assists the client in creating his or her best reality as they move forward together. The constructive therapist subscribes to the belief in a socially constructed reality  and sees his or her work with a client as co-constructing meaning together through conversation. The therapist focuses on a clients strengths, and does not look for illness or deficiencies, but rather emphasizes resources. He or she is focused on the future and is both hopeful and optimistic about the clients ability to make positive changes. Forms of Therapy That Fall Under the Constructivist Umbrella Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a form of brief therapy that has been used with all kinds of people, families, and problems. The emphasis, as with many constructivist therapies, is on the clients strengths and solutions that may already be available to them. The focus  on what is already working, as opposed to a focus on what is wrong, yields more solutions as a result. Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is used primarily with couples to deepen, enrich and save relationships. While EFT falls under the constructive umbrella, it also is an approach that is largely based on attachment theory, which emphasizes the importance of a safe and secure emotional bond with another. Narrative Therapy has been used with children, families, and adults. Narrative Therapy offers clients the opportunity to master their lives through the stories they tell themselves. The Narrative Therapist helps bring forth preferred realities of clients and enables them to essentially re-author their lives. Constructivism in mental health offers a great deal of hope and optimism. With a trusted constructivist therapist who can skillfully facilitate life-changing conversations, new possibilities and opportunities emerge in clients lives.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How to Calculate Density - Worked Example Problem

Density is the measurement of the amount of mass per unit of volume. In order to calculate density, you need to know the mass and volume of the item. The mass is usually the easy part while volume can be tricky. Simple shaped objects are usually given in homework problems such as using a cube, brick or sphere. The formula for density is: density mass/volume This example problem shows the steps needed to calculate the density of an object and a liquid when given the mass and volume. Key Takeaways: How to Calculate Density Density is how much matter is contained within a volume. A dense object weighs more than a less dense object that is the same size. An object less dense than water will float on it; one with greater density will sink.The density equation is density equals mass per unit volume or D M / V.The key to solving for density is to report the proper mass and volume units. If you are asked to give density in different units from the mass and volume, you will need to convert them. Question 1: What is the density of a cube of sugar weighing 11.2 grams measuring 2 cm on a side? Step 1: Find the mass and volume of the sugar cube. Mass 11.2 gramsVolume cube with 2 cm sides. Volume of a cube (length of side)3Volume (2 cm)3Volume 8 cm3 Step 2: Plug your variables into the density formula. density mass/volumedensity 11.2 grams/8 cm3density 1.4 grams/cm3 Answer 1: The sugar cube has a density of 1.4 grams/cm3. Question 2: A solution of water and salt contains 25 grams of salt in 250 mL of water. What is the density of the salt water? (Use density of water 1 g/mL) Step 1:  Find the mass and volume of the salt water. This time, there are two masses. The mass of the salt and the mass of the water are both needed to find the mass of the salt water. The mass of the salt is given, but the only the volume of water is given. Weve also been given the density of water, so we can calculate the mass of the water. densitywater masswater/volumewater solve for masswater, masswater densitywater ·volumewatermasswater 1 g/mL  · 250 mLmasswater 250 grams Now we have enough to find the mass of the salt water. masstotal masssalt masswatermasstotal 25 g 250 gmasstotal 275 g Volume of the salt water is 250 mL. Step 2: Plug your values into the density formula. density mass/volumedensity 275 g/250 mLdensity 1.1 g/mL Answer 2: The salt water has a density of 1.1 grams/mL. Finding Volume by Displacement If youre given a regular solid object, you can measure its dimensions and calculate its volume. Unfortunately, the volume of few objects in the real world can be measured this easily! Sometimes you need to calculate volume by displacement. How do you measure displacement? Say you have a metal toy soldier. You can tell it is heavy enough to sink in water, but you cant use a ruler to measure its dimensions. To measure the toys volume, fill a graduated cylinder about half way with water. Record the volume. Add the toy. Make sure to displace any air bubbles that may stick to it. Record the new volume measurement. The volume of the toy soldier is the final volume minus the initial volume. You can measure the mass of the (dry) toy and then calculate density. Tips for Density Calculations In some cases, the mass will be given to you. If not, youll need to obtain it yourself by weighing the object. When obtaining mass, be aware of how accurate and precise the measurement will be. The same goes for measuring volume. Obviously, youll get a more precise measurement using a graduated cylinder than using a beaker, however, you may not need such a close measurement. The significant figures reported in the density calculation are those of your least precise measurement. So, if your mass is 22 kg, reporting a volume measurement to the nearest microliter is unnecessary. Another important concept to keep in mind is whether your answer makes sense. If an object seems heavy for its size, it should have a high density value. How high? Keep in mind the density of water is about 1  g/cm ³. Objects less dense than this float in water, while those that are more dense sink in water. If an object sinks in water, your density value better be greater than 1! More Homework Help Need more examples of help with related problems? Worked Example Problems: Browse different types of chemistry problems.Density Worked Example Problem: Practice calculating density.Mass of Liquids From Density Example Problem: Use density to solve for mass of a liquid.

Environmental Determinism Definition

Throughout the study of geography, there have been some different approaches to explaining the development of the worlds societies and cultures. One that received much prominence in geographic history but has declined in recent decades of academic study is environmental determinism. Environmental Determinism Environmental determinism is the belief that the environment, most notably its physical factors such as landforms and climate, determines the patterns of human culture and societal development. Environmental determinists believe that ecological, climatic, and geographical factors alone are responsible for human cultures and individual decisions. Also, social conditions have virtually no impact on cultural development. The main argument of environmental determinism states that an areas physical characteristics like climate have a substantial impact on the psychological outlook of its inhabitants. These different outlooks then spread throughout a population and help define the overall behavior and culture of a society. For instance, it was said that areas in the tropics were less developed than higher latitudes because the continuously warm weather there made it easier to survive and thus, people living there did not work as hard to ensure their survival. Another example of environmental determinism would be the theory that island nations have unique cultural traits solely because of their isolation from continental societies. Environmental Determinism and Early Geography Although environmental determinism is a relatively recent approach to formal geographic study, its origins go back to ancient times. Climatic factors, for example, were used by Strabo, Plato, and Aristotle to explain why the Greeks were so much more developed in the early ages than societies in hotter and colder climates. Additionally, Aristotle came up with his climate classification system to explain why people were limited to settlement in certain areas of the globe.​​ Other early scholars also used environmental determinism to explain not only the culture of a society but the reasons behind the physical characteristics of a societys people. Al-Jahiz, a writer from East Africa, for instance, cited environmental factors as the origin of different skin colors. He believed that the darker skin of many Africans and various birds, mammals, and insects was a direct result of the prevalence of black basalt rocks on the Arabian Peninsula. Ibn Khaldun, an Arab sociologist, and scholar was officially known as one of the first environmental determinists. He lived from 1332 to 1406, during which time he wrote a complete world history and explained that the hot climate of Sub-Saharan Africa caused dark human skin.​ Environmental Determinism and Modern Geography Environmental determinism rose to its most prominent stage in modern geography beginning in the late 19th Century when it was revived by the German geographer Friedrich RÃ ¤tzel and became the central theory in the discipline. RÃ ¤tzels theory came about following Charles Darwins Origin of Species in 1859 and was heavily influenced by evolutionary biology and the impact a person’s environment has on their cultural evolution. Environmental determinism then became popular in the United States in the early 20th Century when RÃ ¤tzel’s student, Ellen Churchill Semple, a professor at Clark University in Worchester, Massachusetts, introduced the theory there. Like RÃ ¤tzel’s initial ideas, Semple’s were also influenced by evolutionary biology. Another one of RÃ ¤tzel’s students, Ellsworth Huntington, also worked on expanding the theory around the same time as Semple. Huntingtons work though, led to a subset of environmental determinism, called climatic determinism in the early 1900s. His theory stated that the economic development in a country could be predicted based on its distance from the equator. He said temperate climates with short growing seasons stimulate achievement, economic growth, and efficiency. The ease of growing things in the tropics, on the other hand, hindered their advancement. The Decline of Environmental Determinism Despite its success in the early 1900s, environmental determinism’s popularity began to decline in the 1920s as its claims were often found to be wrong. Also, critics claimed it was racist and perpetuated imperialism. Carl Sauer, for instance, began his critiques in 1924 and said that environmental determinism led to premature generalizations about an area’s culture and did not allow for results based on direct observation or other research. As a result of his and others criticisms, geographers developed the theory of environmental possibilism to explain cultural development. Environmental possibilism was set forth by the French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blanche and stated that the environment sets limitations for cultural development, but it does not wholly define culture. Culture is instead defined by the opportunities and decisions that humans make in response to dealing with such limitations. By the 1950s, environmental determinism was almost entirely replaced in geography by environmental possibilism, effectively ending its prominence as the central theory in the discipline. Regardless of its decline, however, environmental determinism was an important component of geographic history as it initially represented an attempt by early geographers to explain the patterns they saw developing across the globe.

Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs Free Essays

Abstract With the explosive growth of mobile wireless communication technologies, network integration is vital for next generation wireless networks as the different technologies available have been optimized for diverse usage models. This paper addresses the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax focusing mainly on interference and handover management. Firstly the coexistence issue of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed as they operate in the adjacent (almost overlapping) bands. We will write a custom essay sample on Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly a new standard aimed at providing a framework for media independent handover (MIH) among diverse networks is presented. Finally using a usage scenario, it is further shown how the MIH framework helps in the handover management taking into consideration user preference and available resources in the above named networks. Keywords: MIH; interoperability; coexistence; Introduction Wireless communication growth has been on the increase in the past years, thanks to the advantages they offer which include deployment flexibility, compatibility and user mobility during communications. Emerged technologies have been designed independently to deal with specific service types, usability domains and user categories.. The need to optimize performance led to the integration of radio access technologies to extend service availability as users expect to be globally reachable everywhere and at all times to the best network possible. For this to be feasible, access networks have to work together to enable users take full advantage of the available options (Piris et al 2009). The IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks is discussed in this paper. This standard defines three types of MIH services (event, command, and information) that facilitate the mobility management and handover decision making (lim et al 2009). The interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed from the interference and handover perspective. The problem of mutual interference between Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is analyzed using time multiplexing enabling their coexistence and to further aid their interoperability, the IEEE 802.21 standard which seamlessly enables handover (which occurs frequently due to user preference or allocated resources) among diverse networks is discussed. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 starts with a background which provides an overview of the wireless technologies considered above. In Section 3, using a collaborative technique, the coexistence problem of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed, the section goes further on to analyze how the IEEE 802.21 standard makes possible the interoperability of the three technologies. Section 4 provides an illustrative use case that highlight the usage of the Media-Independent Handover Services standard in an integrated wireless environment and some issues associated with their interoperability is discussed. Finally, the paper ends with conclusion and future directions. 2.0 Background 2.1. Bluetooth (PAN) As stated by Bhagwat (2001), Bluetooth 1.1 is a short range wireless link technology intended for cable replacement. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. As seen in Golmie (2001), Bluetooth’s air interface is based on an antenna power of 1mW and uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) as its modulation scheme. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) divides the channel in 625 µs slot and support a data rate of 700kbps to 3Mbps. Bluetooth uses frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Song et al (2007). Bluetooth uses authorization and authentication to verify users and their right to connect with each other. As indicated by Johansson et al (1999), Authentication in Bluetooth uses the challenge–response strategy and connection may require a one way, two-way or no authentication which is achieved based on the stored link key or by pairing. Traskback (2000) adds that there are three different security modes present in Bluetooth, Mode 1,2 and 3. 2.2.WLAN(LAN) 802.11 is a collection of standards for implementing WLAN communication in the designated frequency bands. Currently there are about twenty two(22) amendments(Labiod et al 2007)which all adopt the media access technique called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).This work is focused on the 802.11g specification. Song et al (2007) indicates that 802.11g has a coverage of about 75 feets, supports the Direct squence spread spectrum and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing signalling method to attain a maximum data rate of 54Mbps. 802.11g operates in the 2.4GHz band. Security in WLAN can be achieved by deploying an authenication mechanism as a means to WLAN access contol and providing confidentiality for wireless data by establishing encrption. The EAP-TLS which provides certificate-based authentication for WLANs, a replaced WEP as it satisfied all the required properties of authentication protocols (Tavallaee, 2007). 2.3.WIMAX(WAN) Wimax operates on FCC licensed frequency range of 10 to 66GHz and unlincensed frequencies of 2 to 11GHz and has a theoritical bandwidth and range of 75Mbps and 50Km respectively. IEEE 802.16e, the mobile version of Wimax will be considered in this paper, 802.16e works in the 2.3GHz and 2.5GHz frequency bands and uses OFDM (Zhang Chen, 2008).,the WiMAX MAC is centralized and connection-oriented unlike WLAN MAC that is distributed and connectionless (DeBeasi, 2008). Security in WiMax is based on authentication, encryption and authorization. 3.0 Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax Interoperability This section analyzes a solution from the MAC layer to handle the coexistence issue between WiMax ,WLAN and Bluetooth and to further aid interoperability, discusses the implementation of the IEEE 802.21 standard which enables seamless handover among diverse networks. 3.1Solution to the coexistence problem of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN The idea is to synchronize the different protocols to ensure that their bandwidth over a shared spectrum is allocated in a time multiplexed, non-concurrent but fair way. By this, interference can be eliminated when these technologies operate in an integrated environment. Considering a usage scenario where a Mobile node(MN) uses a Bluetooth enabled wireless headset to conduct a cellular conversation, while simultaneously downloading email or browsing the Internet through the phone’s WiMax and WLAN air link interchangeably, Time division multiplexing is uses to mitigate interference as Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands (almost overlapping) thus causing conflict and severe performance degradation(Bitran Eshed, 2007) Firstly, the protocols are synchronized in time. A lowest common denominator is found between the different clock systems and are coordinated accordingly. WiMax time base is based on 5ms frame and Bluetooth is based on 625 µs per slot. 15ms is considered a common factor between the two system clocks during which 3 WiMax frames and 24 Bluetooth slots will be processed(Bitran Eshed, 2007). The addition of the WLAN in the coexistence scheme involves CSMA/CD which is not based on time allocations but on collision detection and the use of random back offs, ibid., p2. To minimize power consumption and to avoid interference, the WLAN interface is set to sleep mode when it is not transmitting and have the access point buffer all its transmissions – up to a predefined buffer size. When the channel is free and it exits the sleep mode, it sends a trigger frame to the access point, who sends all its buffered data. The figure below is a solution showing how the technologies would operate in the 15ms time interval. Having synchronized the links and identified the fundamental, repetitive pattern, it is essential to ensure that they remain synchronized throughout the concurrent operation of the links. Figure 1 illustrating time multiplexing of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax (Bitran Eshed, 2007) The Bluetooth SCO/HV3 profile defines a repetitive six slot period during which two consecutive slots are used for transmission. Because the Bluetooth interface is used in this scenario for transfer of voice, it is given preference. To avoid interruptions, the WiMax base station refrains from allocating transmission opportunities to the slots used by the Bluetooth. 3.2Seamless Handover Based on user preference and available resources , the ability to switch (Seamless Handover) between the different technologies has been made possible by the IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks. This is discussed below. The IEEE 802.21 standard (media independent handover) was proposed to facilitate interoperability between IEEE 802 and non IEEE 802 technologies (Pontes et al, 2008). The 802.21 framework is called the media independent handover (MIH). MIH provides link layer intelligence and other related network information to upper layers to optimize handovers (Ying et al, 2008). It is assumed that mobile Node has interfaces that supports all three technologies. To sustain uninterrupted user connections during handover across different networks, the handover-enabling functions (MIHF) defined by the IEEE 802.21 is logically introduced between Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the OSI network stack. The MIHF provides available information from lower layers (MAC and PHY) to the higher layers of the protocol stack which are used to make handover and link-selection decisions. Figure 2 MIH framework/architecture (Gupta et al, 2006). As seen in figure 2, The main component of the IEEE 802.21 framework is the MIHF. It provides a consolidated interface to the upper layers independent of the primary access technologies. This is made possible by three services: The Media-independent event service (MIES),the Media-independent information service (MIIS) and the Media independent command service (MICS) The MIES provides services to the upper layers by reporting both local and remote events such as changes in link conditions, link status, and link quality. The MICS enables upper layer manage and control the parameters related to link behavior and handovers. The MICS offer commands to the upper layer, with this commands able to manage and send actions to the lower layers. The MIIS facilitates handovers by providing a mechanism for the MIHF to discover available neighboring network information within its vicinity. Hence, MIIS allows mobile nodes to check for available networks in range while using their currently active access network. 4.0 Usage Scenario Considering the same scenario cited above.FMIPv6 signaling is explicitly included as the Layer 3 mobility management protocol The MN request MIIS information and constantly listens to its interfaces. Upon receiving a signal from a WLAN AP accompanied by a 802.11 link detected event from the MAC layer sent to the MIHF, the MN becomes aware of a new connectivity opportunity. The event 802.11 link is sent to the upper layer, particularly sent to FMIPv6 the management protocol which in turn contacts the handover policy engine which pre-verifies the new connection. Depending on the implemented handover policy, the MN searches for information about the new network at the MIIS (such as security, required bandwidth security etc.) Figure 3 shows the operation in detail. The upper layer executes the handover decision taking into account the user’s preference and the resources available at the new network. After the decision has been made, the FMIPv6 signaling begins as illustrated in the figure above. The MN still stays connected to the previous point of attachment to provide a make-before-break approach enabling seamless hand over. When the FMIPv6’s FNA message is received, it indicates that handover has been completed (Pontes et al, 2008). The MN handover complete message releases the resources allocated by WiMax and deactivates the interface. Figure 3 WiMax/WLAN handover using the MIH framework with Bluetooth coexistence (PONTES et al 2008) 4.1. Interoperability Issues. Inability to control soft handovers: In the absence of an explicit support at the upper layer, an application is unable to benefit from soft handover capabilities when moving across different networks even if soft handovers are possible at the data link layer. The migrated connection are therefore open to packet loss and performance degradation. (Hsien et al, 2004). Infrastructure Support: Current approaches proposed that Mobile IP (MIP) can handle network layer mobility is only possible if the network provider provides for a home agent. Also the effectiveness of the approaches to achieve host mobility without incurring overhead in different networks, again is limited to the specificity of the networks they are assigned for. (Ibid). Power and Interference Management: Power management becomes a challenge when diverse access networks are integrated in same device. Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands(almost overlapping) thus causing conflict End to end security: Ensuring a trusted, efficient and usage-model appropriate means of authenticating users is a key issues in cross-network connectivity. (Hurwitz Bryan, 2003) as the different network devices have different security settings. 5.0Conclusion The emergence of heterogeneous wireless access technologies and their interoperability has been a major concern for future wireless systems. In this paper, the interoperability of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN have been discussed. Because no technology is good or generic enough to replace all others thus combined usage is a good approach to offer the always best connection. The coexistence of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was analyzed first, taking into consideration the fact that the operate in adjacent (almost overlapping) frequency bands, so are subject to interference. Secondly with the use of the MIH framework, the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was illustrated through a common scenario. Some issues associated with their interoperability were also mentioned. For the future, active research should be performed in this area to completely eliminate these interoperability issues to enable users seamlessly utilize services irrespective of the network concerned for better coverage even at a low cost. Bibliography Bhagwat, P. (2001). IEEE Internet Computing. Bluetooth technology for Short-Range wireless Apps. , 5 (3), 96-103. Bitran, Y., Eshed, E. (2007, June 18). Solving the coexistence of WiMAX, Bluetooth and WiFi in converged handsets. EE Times Design . DeBeasi, P. (2008, March 24). WiMAX INTRODUCTION. Retrieved from http://www.mobileparadigm.com/my articles/200803.WiMAXPart1.pdf Golmie, N. (2001). Interference in the 2.4 GHz ISM band: Challenges and solutions.(online). Retrieved from http://www.antd.nist.gov/pubs/golmie.pdf. Golmie, N. (2009). Seamless Mobility: Are we there yetIEEE Wireless Communications – National Institute of standards and Technology Gupta, V., Williams, M. G., Johnston, D., McCann, S., Barber, P., Ohba, Y. (2006, July 18). IEEE 802.21 Overview of Standard for Media Independent Handover Services. IEEE 802 Plenary . San Diego. Han, T., Zhang, N., Liu, K., Tang, B., Liu, Y. (2008). Analysis of Mobile WiMAX Security: Vulnerabilities and Solutions. IEEE International Conference , 828. Hsien, H.-Y., Kim, K.-H., Sivakumar, R. (2004). An End-to-End approach for transparent mobility accross heterogeneous wireless networks. Mobile networks and applications , 364. Hurwitz, R., Bryan, P. (2003, November 1). The Future of wireless handsets. Retrieved 2011, from Deviceforge.com: http://www.deviceforge.com/articles/AT7085477626.html Jahansson, P., Jahansson, N., Korner, U., Jahannes, E., Svennaqs, G. (1999). 1999 IEEE International Conference Communications, 1999. ICC ’99. Short range radio based ad-hoc networking: performance and properties , 3, 1414. Jokela, J., Simpson, F., Zaks, A., Zhu, J. (2007). WPAN/WLAN/WWAN Multi-Radio Coexistence. IEE 802 Plenary. Atlanta. Labiod, H., Afifi, H., Santis, C. D. (2007). WI-FI T M , BLUETOOTH T M , ZIGBEE T M A ND WIMAX TM. The Netherlands: The Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht. Lansford, J., Nevo, R., Zehav, E. (2000, Nov 7). IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). MEHTA: A method for coexistence between co-located 802.11b and Bluetooth systems . Hillsboro. Lim, W.-S., Kim, D.-W., Suh, Y.-j., Won, J.-J. (2009). mplementation and performance study of IEEE 802.21 in integrated IEEE 802.11/802.16e networks. Computer communication , 32 (1), 134-143. PONTES, A. B., SILVA, D. D., JOSE JAILTON, J., O. R. (2008, October 2008). HANDOVER MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED WLAN AND MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKS. IEEE Wireless Communications . Prince, J. (2006, November 12). Ensuring WLAN, Bluetooth Coexistence. Retrieved March 2011, from http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20061121/124164/ Piris, E., Pentikousi, K. (2009). IEEE 802.21: Media-Independent Handover Services. 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Mobile Wimax : Towards Broadband Wireless Metropolitian Area Networks. NW: Taylor and Francis group,LLC. How to cite Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs, Essay examples

Special Friendship Essay Research Paper I walked free essay sample

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